On 2-absorbing fuzzy ideals of commutative semirings

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study 2-absorbing fuzzy ideals of commutative semirings. Some basic operations on them are defined and some of its characterizations are obtained.Publisher's Versio

Some Properties of Q-Neutrosophic Ideals of Semirings

The intention of this paper is to introduce and study some properties of the ideals of semirings using the concept of Q-neutrosophic set

Caspase 3-mediated proteolysis of the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the human erythroid anion exchanger 1 (band 3)

The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the anion exchanger 1 (AE1 or band 3) of the human erythrocyte associates with peripheral membrane proteins to regulate membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, with glycolytic enzymes such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase, with the protein-tyrosine kinase p72syk, with hemoglobin and with hemichromes. We have demonstrated that the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (CDB3) is a substrate of the apoptosis executioner caspase 3 (1). CDB3 has two non-conventional caspase 3 cleavage sites, TATD45 and EQGD205 (2). In vitro treatment of recombinant CDB3 with caspase 3 generated two fragments, which could be blocked by pretreatment with the caspase 3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk (3). Recombinant CDB3 in which the caspase 3 cleavage sites Asp45 and Asp205 were mutated, was resistant to proteolysis (4). Proteolytically derived fragments crossreactive with polyclonal anti-band 3 antibody appeared with simultaneous cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and procaspase 3 in staurosporine (STS)-treated HEK293 cells transiently transfected with CDB3 (5). In vivo cleavage of CDB3 could be blocked by pretreatment of cells with Z-DEVD-fmk or in cells transfected with mutant CDB3 (D45A, D205A) (6). Co-transfection experiments showed that STS-mediated cleavage of CDB3 diminished its interaction with the N-terminal domain of protein 4.2, confirming that such cleavage interferes with the interaction of CDB3 with cytoskeletal proteins (7). Active caspase 3 was observed in aged red cells but not in young cells. This red cell caspase 3 could cleave band 3 present in inside-out vesicles prepared from young erythrocytes arguing in favor of a physiological role of caspase 3 in aged erythrocytes

Toll-like receptor 2 and mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 are effectors of Mycobacterium avium-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages

Understanding how pathogenic mycobacteria subvert the protective immune response is crucial to the development of strategies aimed at controlling mycobacterial infections. Prostaglandin E2 exerts an immunosuppressive function in the context of mycobacterial infection. Because cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, there is a need to delineate the mechanisms through which pathogenic mycobacteria regulate COX-2 expression in macrophages. Our studies demonstrate that the NF-κB and CRE elements of the COX-2 promoter are critical to Mycobacterium avium-induced COX-2 gene expression. M. avium-triggered signaling originates at the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Ras associates with TLR2 and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)/transforming growth factor β -activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent signaling activates p38 MAPK. Both ERK and p38 MAPK activation converge to regulate the activation of mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1). MSK1 mediates the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB accounting for its stimulatory effect on CRE-dependent gene expression. M. avium-triggered cytoplasmic NF-κB activation following IκB phosphorylation is necessary but not sufficient for COX-2 promoter-driven gene expression. MSK1 activation is also essential for M. avium-triggered NF-κB-dependent gene expression, presumably mediating nucleosomal modifications. These studies demonstrate that the nuclear kinase MSK1 is necessary in regulating the pathogen-driven expression of a gene by controlling two transcription factors. The attenuation of MSK1 may therefore have potential benefit in restricting survival of pathogenic mycobacteria in macrophages

Challenges of Anaesthetic Management in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Post COVID Rhino Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis Patients

Introduction Mucormycosis is a potentially lethal opportunistic, angioinvasive fungal infection with rapid progression and high mortality and predisposed by diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid other immunosuppressive drugs, haematological malignancies, haematological stem cell transplantation, solid organ transplantation and iron overdose. The aim of our study is to consider the challenge in providing anaesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery for rhino orbital cerebral mucormycosis in post COVID patient. Materials and Methods A total of 20 patients after being COVID negative, posted for endoscopic debridement of paranasal sinuses and also of orbital contents were analysed with respect to outcome after surgery considering the comorbidities of the patients and toxic effect of antifungal drug. Patients’ comorbidities were optimised through preoperative evaluation prior to surgery. Adequate monitoring of haemodynamic status during intraoperative period and optimum anaesthetic management was provided in endoscopic sinus surgery. The patients were managed in recovery room in post operative period and their outcome was reviewed. Results Our patients posed 3 challenges: a) difficult airway in view of palatal perforation b) long standing diabetes mellitus with associated metabolic complications c) administration of amphotericin B could interact with anaesthetic agents and produced adverse outcome. After surgery mortality was experienced in 10% of cases. Conclusion Awareness of warning symptoms and signs, a high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and initiation of full dose of liposomal Amphotericin B and meticulous surgical management may help to optimise the outcome of ROCM in the setting of COVID 19 infection

Agmatidine, a modified cytidine in the anticodon of archaeal tRNA\u3csup\u3eIle\u3c/sup\u3e, base pairs with adenosine but not with guanosine

Modification of the cytidine in the first anticodon position of the AUA decoding tRNAIle (tRNAIle 2 ) of bacteria and archaea is essential for this tRNA to read the isoleucine codon AUA and to differentiate between AUA and the methionine codon AUG. To identify the modified cytidine in archaea, we have purified this tRNA species from Haloarcula marismortui, established its codon reading properties, used liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to map RNase A and T1 digestion products onto the tRNA, and used LC-MS/MS to sequence the oligonucleotides in RNase A digests. These analyses revealed that the modification of cytidine in the anticodon of tRNAIle 2 adds 112 mass units to its molecular mass and makes the glycosidic bond unusually labile during mass spectral analyses. Accurate mass LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis of total nucleoside digests of the tRNAIle 2 demonstrated the absence in the modified cytidine of the C2-oxo group and its replacement by agmatine (decarboxy-arginine) through a secondary amine linkage. We propose the name agmatidine, abbreviation C+, for this modified cytidine. Agmatidine is also present in Methanococcus maripaludis tRNAIle 2 and in Sulfolobus solfataricus total tRNA, indicating its probable occurrence in the AUA decoding tRNAIle of euryarchaea and crenarchaea. The identification of agmatidine shows that bacteria and archaea have developed very similar strategies for reading the isoleucine codon AUA while discriminating against the methionine codon AUG